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Sustaining Artists in the the 21st Century: The Leonore Annenberg Fellowship

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"Artists comfort and inspire us, awaken and change our minds and hearts, and ultimately have the ability to connect us all as human beings. Every time I attend the theatre, I hope to be altered in some way. The greatest achievement I can imagine in life is that I will do that for others, whether on the stage, on the screen, or through my writing, and that they will take my torch and run with it, fast and far, in completely new and exciting directions of their own." - Sarah Sokolovic, 2014 Annenberg fellow

Saeculum Obscurum, Latin for "The Dark Ages," was coined by Caesar Baronius in 1602 to describe the cultural decline of the Roman Empire between the 5th and 15th century in Western Europe. The strong arts patronage of the Medici family, along with other powerful families across the Italian Peninsula during the late 14th century, in large part led Europe into a cultural Renaissance; many new ideas in music, philosophy, science, art, medicine, technology, and political scholarship incubated under a few dynastic families. The Medici family, who gained their wealth and political influence through their banking and mercantile empires, realized the importance of the arts as an overall economic stimulus and a catalyst for social progress. It wasn't just making art for art's sake -- it was smart business.

In his State of the Union address in 1963, President Kennedy proclaimed that, "This country cannot afford to be materially rich and spiritually poor." The Kennedy family, a dynastic American family also heavily involved in politics and finance, adopted a similar attitude as the Medici, as did other prominent American families. The major American arts foundations that still bear their names are a reminder of the importance these people placed on the arts and the potential of the artist. If we as a civilization seek to continue to turn to our artists for inspiration, dialogue, and solutions, we must examine the arts-making climate in the 21st century in order to maintain our forward progress.

The idea of the "starving artist" today is complicated: at one extreme we have artists like Jeff Koons; his "Balloon Dog (Orange)" broke the world record this past November for the price paid for a single artwork by a living artist, fetching a little over $58 million at Christie's. At the other end of the spectrum lies the majority of other artists, the countless young people who move to large metropolitan centers like New York City to pursue their artist dreams -- often working multiple jobs to get by while attempting to create strong and focused artistic content. There are new challenges to today's artists: the dawn of the internet age has delivered both a new and wider platform for exposure as well as a seemingly infinite sea of alternative entertainment. The cost of living in major metropolitan arts centers globally has skyrocketed. Access to arts education is becoming more limited, and student loans make a career in the arts cost-prohibitive. With these increasingly daunting financial barriers to becoming an artist, are the most talented and promising artists always the ones who ultimately become the artistic leaders and pioneers of tomorrow?

An individual who recognized this inequality and social need was philanthropist Leonore Annenberg, who also served as the Chief of Protocol under President Reagan. Her husband, Walter Annenberg, served as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom, as well as managing his family's publishing empire. After her death in 2009, Annenberg's legacy continues through her philanthropic funds which focus on public service, education, and the arts.

Dr. Gail Levin is the Director of the Leonore Annenberg Fellowship Fund for the Performing and Visual Arts, administered by the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Now in its seventh year, the ten-year Leonore Annenberg Funds Initiative has awarded a total of $13.2 million to arts fellows, students, and schools -- carrying Annenberg's commitment forward into the 21st century. Dr. Levin says,

"The arts give us humanity. Possibility. Activate the imagination. Teach us empathy. To think in new ways. Artists teach people to listen. To find discovery through the extraordinary. But patronage is not what it used to be. We're not doing enough to nurture young minds and help them appreciate the world of art. Arts education is no longer a mainstay in our public schools; it's so important to be able to reach these young people so that they develop a lifetime of arts appreciation. And for those with a strong voice, the costs of being a professional artist can be prohibitive. The young artists who receive fellowships very much want to share their gifts with others. The generosity of spirit in our young artists is what we invest in."

Seven arts fellows received grants from the Fellowship Fund this year, providing $50,000 a year for up to two years to "young artists of exceptional promise." Past recipients of the arts fellowship include Misty Copeland, the first African-American female soloist in two decades with American Ballet Theatre and author of the recent autobiography "Life in Motion: An Unlikely Ballerina;" actor Bryce Pinkham, who is starring on Broadway in the musical comedy "A Gentleman's Guide to Love & Murder;" and photographer Richard Mosse, selected to represent his home country, Ireland, at the 2013 Venice Biennale. This year's fellows include actress Molly Bernard, violinist Francesca dePasquale, violinist Tessa Lark, visual artist Mia Rosenthal, dancer Calvin Royal III, singer Ryan Speedo Green, and actress Sarah Sokolovic.

The fellowship identifies critical areas where the young artists must be supported: The artist must spend time within the art, and should be supported in order to avoid taking jobs outside of the art making process to make ends meet. The artist must have time for the creative process, time in the studio getting their hands dirty, as well as other diverse professional development opportunities. The artist must have the ability to choose high quality professional artistic projects, as opposed to having to sacrifice quality for quantity.

Bass-baritone Ryan Speedo Green, nominated this year for a Fellowship by the Metropolitan Opera's Lindemann Young Artist Development Program said of the process, "I feel that I am poised to inspire people who, like me, came from very little means. I believe that I have the passion to attain ever higher levels of accomplishment as an international singer, in an art form that moved me so long ago and that continues to stir my soul today."

Like any investment, there must be accountability and measurable incomes. The fellowship creates a customized detailed plan with each artist, pairs each artist with a mentor in their field, and focuses on both concrete results and the less tangible impact of the fellowship. Artists in the past have spent their award on website development and other professional business expenses, living and training expenses, and supplemental courses in other disciplines. Up to 20 percent of the award may also be used to pay back student loans, a rare acknowledgment of the often crippling burden carried by many young artists who emerge into the professional field. The award also provides the intangible benefit of artistic validation, and the confidence to process with breaking boundaries.

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American Ballet Theatre's Calvin Royal III, 2014 Annenberg fellow, performing at the YAGP Gala. Photo by Siggul/Visual Arts Masters.


Among the 2014 Annenberg fellows is American Ballet Theatre (ABT) corps de ballet dancer Calvin Royal III. Spotted at the Youth America Grand Prix finals by Franco De Vita of ABT's Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School (Caroline Kennedy is the honorary chair of the Company), Royal was awarded a full scholarship to the school - making the otherwise impossible connection to a professional career. He was invited to join the Studio Company, and now is a sparkling member of the main company. He was one of Dance Magazine's "25 to Watch," standing out for his sublime dancing last season in Stanton Welsh's "Clear." His fellowship mentors include Clinton Luckett, a ballet master with ABT, Rachel Moore, ABT's CEO, and Valentino D. Carlotti, an ABT trustee and Partner and Head of Securities Division Institutional Client Group at Goldman Sachs - an impressive group of artistic godparents. ABT embarks this week on their annual 8-weeks of season at the Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center -- be sure to keep an eye out for Calvin.

Where Are All The Fat Girls In Literature?

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I write about fat girls.

Because I was a fat girl.

I was the girl who dreaded the inevitable "too tight" saga whenever I went to buy clothes or even (shudder) try on my clothes from last year.

It was a problem haunted my everyday. Not fitting. Literally.

It was not a problem I shared with the protagonists in the books I read.

Archie and Jughead had Moose but Moose was both a boy and a jock. He wasn't so much fat as large. Really, the only fat people in that world were adults, principles and teachers, best described as "bumbling."

I didn't think the Wakefield twins of Sweet Valley High had any fat friends but my friend Abi pointed out they had ONE. Her name was Robin Wilson. Eventually, though, she lost the weight and became a cheerleader. Thank goodness.

I'm pretty sure no one in V.C. Andrew's books were fat, maybe because they had such limited food access.

(You can probably argue here that I didn't read enough, still, there were just not a lot of fat kids doing well in YA lit back then, okay?)

Constance C. Greene's Al series was about a girl with a fat friend named Al, who's mom made her wear ugly clothes that she hated. Of course, one book later, Al lost weight. The baby fat. I remember being incredibly pissed off about this (inevitable) plot twist. Seeing Al lose weight was like watching someone in my red rover line just drop my hand and walk to the other side. Where all the skinny girls were holding hands.

Message: fat isn't something you are. If you are the fat girl at the center of the story, your goal in life is not to be fat.

Shortly after I ditched the Wakefield twins I discovered a new line of books about fat girls, books about eating disorders.

Which basically served as instructions on different ways to lose weight.

I remember there was one about a girl who used to throw her lunches into the top of her parents' piano, which seemed a little unimaginative to me.

Is it possible to be the protagonist in your own story if you can't see yourself in the culture you absorb on a daily basis?

Of course it is.

If it wasn't what would any kid of any race other than white, any queer kid, any differently-abled kid, any kid with a gender other than male or female, do?

It is possible to conceive of yourself if you don't see yourself in pop culture. But it's frustrating.

Of course, to top it off, I was also growing up gay, spending hours in front of the TV, decoding lesbian subtext in my favorite sitcoms (Kate and Allie, Three's Company), imagining, along with what I now understand to be most of the lesbian population of Canada, that Anne of Green Gables' "bosom buddy" Diana Barry was... just that.

Being a fat girl changed significantly for me in my twenties, when I became a member of Pretty Porky and Pissed Off.

Pretty Porky and Pissed Off (aka PPPO), was an activist performance troupe. We didn't see ourselves in pop culture, so we made pop culture. Fat pop culture. Non-diet pop culture. We turned ourselves into rock stars, drag stars, singing "Livin' La Vida Porka," and shaking our fannies to Missy Elliot and The White Stripes on local stages and, sometimes, busy street corners.

In addition to dancing and singing, some of us made art: zines, movies and plays. We put on shows, creating a scene where fat girls could celebrate fat girls, which is to say we created a space where it was not only OK but the norm celebrate fat bodies, which sounds pretty "woo woo" but it was also pretty amazing.

Not that being a member of PPPO dissolved any of the complexities of actually being fat. Obviously. We got the same messages growing up that other fat girls got, had the same baggage, the same doses of body shame. We'd been put on diets and been on diets. Art is revealing. It doesn't make things disappear. It's not like being in PPPO made us citizens of a magical wonderland of carefree fat happiness. Media would ask us what it felt like to promote an unhealthy lifestyle with our art. Bringing us down to earth with their "get real" attitudes.

Whenever I got this question, I wanted to scream, it's not like we're dancing on stage to promote kids eating a cupcake a day! We are dancing on stage because we EXIST. We are dancing against the notion that there is only one kind of girl who takes center stage. Against a vision that is so narrow, and monochromatic, as to be laughable, but also annoying.

Writing books is not the same thing as dancing on a stage in a bodysuit covered in birthday cake.

Obviously.

For one, writing takes longer.

But it is without a doubt a continuation of my fat girl journey. A lot of what I write is inspired by my experiences as someone who struggled to fit in as a kid.

It's also a kind of activism. My goal as a writer is always to write worlds that make sense to me, that reflect, as much as possible, the diversity of girls I know exists.*

I write about fat girls that just ARE fat girls. I write about fat girls who have different feelings about being fat. Girls who hate it and girls, like Windy in This One Summer, who kind of don't really care. Because being fat is not just about losing weight. But sometimes being fat sucks.

It's not a United Colors of Benetton thing, or a Dove campaign thing, it's a "this is actually the way girls look" "this is the way girls feel" type of thing.

To top it off, I write fat girls, not just because I was a fat girl, but because I think they are awesome. Too.

(*Which, to be clear, when working in comics, is not just my creation but the combined effort of myself and amazing artists like Jillian Tamaki and Steve Rolston).

Initiative to Foster Dialogue Amongst Diverse Communities

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You For Me For You 2012: Staring Ruibo Qian and Kimberly Gilbert. Photo by Scott Suchman, courtesy of Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company.


Founder of the Minneapolis-based Mu Performing Arts, visiting playwright and director Rick Shiomi continues his last installment of his play-reading series, "The Way Home," in Philadelphia co-presented by the Asian Arts Initiative and InterAct Theatre Company on Monday May 19. Through contemporary performance, the free series explores diverse perspectives on what "home" means to the Asian American community and its constituents.

Shiomi created "The Way Home" as part of a Doris Duke Charitable Foundation-funded InterAct artist residency focusing on raising the profile of Asian American theater in Philadelphia

"Rick Shiomi and Mu Performing Arts have contributed to a theater scene that is flourishing in Minnesota," Gayle Isa, Asian Arts Initiative executive director said in a press release . "'The Way Home' is part of Shiomi's effort to replicate that model here in Philadelphia, and we're excited to present these fresh playwrights' work to local audiences for whom Asian American theater might be a brand-new and inspirational experience."

Asian Arts Initiative hosted two of the series' four readings earlier this spring. In Mia Chung's You for Me for You two North Korean sisters, facing starvation at the hands of a corrupt regime, attempt to flee their country. When one sister fails to cross the border, they are spun into individual journeys across time and space that test each sister's nerve, heart and imagination.

"The play is definitely not realistic, it pretty much uses magic realism to tell the story because in many ways its almost a feet of magic for North Koreans to be able to leave their country," Chung said. "The play tries to imagine what the world looked like from a North Korean prospective. In the play, one of the sisters goes to the New York, so we're seeing it from her perspective. The other sister, for a variety of reasons, gets left behind and then we sort of see that world from her perspective as well."

Chung was inspired to write You For Me For You when first hearing about journalists Laura Ling and Eura Lee being held captive in North Korea in 2009 and the discovery of JC Dugard later that year.

"It basically gave me a understanding better the stability of North Korea," Chung said. "What I'm trying to do is see things from a North Korean perspective and in gender, and an understanding of their community."

Leading up to the National Asian American Theater Festival and Conference coming to Philadelphia this fall, Asian Arts Initiative and InterAct Theatre will once again partner to present a new play reading series directed by Shiomi.

Michael Golamco's Cowboy Versus Samurai, premiering Monday, is an Asian American spin on Cyrano de Bergerac that takes a humorous look at racial identity and romance in the middle-class Midwest.

"Each of the plays I think really deal with the issue of home for Asian Americans in a sense," Shiomi said. "For many of us there is a sense of moving your home from Asia to America. For Asian Americans born and raised here there's a kind of sense that this is our home. During this residency I've tried to develop interest in Asian theater in Philadelphia."

Shiomi and members of both Asian Arts and Interact Theater reached out to Asian artists that they knew and asked them to submit plays for the series.

They received about 20 submissions and were able to choose the initial plays that would eventually become the series.

"Two of the four are new plays and two of the plays are ones that have been produced before, so it's kind of a mix," Shiomi said.

You For Me For You is actually one the plays that have been produced before, first by Woolly Mammoth Theater in the fall of 2012 and then earlier last year in Boston.

"It's gone through several revisions." Chung said. "I think this play really calls for the use of the imagination and it asks audiences to use their imagination and to listen carefully and open their hearts."

A Queer Orthodoxy: Post-Soviet Russian Art Movement 'Club of Friends' Reunited in London

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Back in 1982, artists Timur Novikov and Ivan Sotnikov had themselves photographed grinning through an empty rectangular space at the first official show of the semi-underground group TEII. The fact of the exhibition says volumes, but these two were out to test the boundaries of even that totalitarian concession: "unofficial" artists had been given apertures in free-standing partitions in a Leningrad gallery in which to hang their "unofficial" paintings. Novikov and Sotnikov left one empty, but added a label beneath saying "Zero-Object" and their names.

Perhaps it was an ironical statement about the nonsensical nature of an official unofficial underground art, but the true irony was that, despite the almighty fuss, their artwork in absentia was allowed to remain in the exhibition by official officialdom and even received an honorable mention as the best piece in it. And so was born a new "unofficial" underground movement, the New Artists or, as they would become known, the Club of Friends.

Curated by Ekaterina Andreeva, Calvert 22 Gallery in London's Shoreditch has brought together a number of works under the exhibition title Club of Friends to chart the progress of this wild child of the late Soviet Union as it flirted with glasnost, sexuality, gender and the "is it art?" warranty of notoriety in the late 1980s and '90s.

Novikov, the master of this ensemble, would channel their energies down some surprising paths over the next twenty years, exploring everything from Warhol-watered New Wave cool to truly wacky avant garde movie before changing tack completely with a reappraisal of neoclassicism, suspicious for all its reassuring kitsch in that its ultimately anti-modernist pose also claimed to reject postmodernism while simultaneously playing snap with some of its most recognizable imagery. More on this later.

There's a lot of fun to be had here: the group's early video art is provoking, if sometimes down-right odd, and as unconventional as anything Warhol made; it gives the impression of young people exploring what happens in the outer spaces of creativity. Forbidden fruits, such as German Expressionism and American Pop Art, anathema to po-faced post-War Soviet culture, mingle with teenage sex and new-age sexuality. Evgeny Kozlov's Gulf of Finland explores with the economy of a crayon's line hot summer bodies by the sea. Bella Matveeva's erotic fabric collage, Dreaming, is playful with the classical male nude. When Victor Kuznetsov met Oleg Maslov it was a marriage made in Pierre et Gilles heaven; series such as Hommage à Alma Tadema and the bizarrely camp video Mireille make a bee-line for 19th-century neoclassical homoeroticism.

The queerness of Novikov and several others from the Club of Friends seems beyond doubt. They were brave in their lives and their art. Photos in the exhibition show them larking about in New Romantic poses, sporting make-up, at a time when gay artists could be condemned to hard labor for circulating their work. In the failing Soviet Union the in-your-face glam draggery of video and photo artist Vladislav Mamyshev-Monroe was dangerously subversive. In the current climate it still would be. Tragically, Mamyshev-Monroe drowned in a swimming pool early last year. His death was closely followed by Georgy Guryanov's, the post-Punk drummer boy of '80s cult band Kino, whose meticulously painted images of semi-naked athletes also have more than a whiff of gay "propaganda" about them.

When it comes to Novikov himself, there's something other-worldly about the whole experiment. His fabric pictures play with the queer identities of Oscar Wilde and Ancient Greek sculpture but, beautiful and fascinating though they are, there's something of the gloom of an iconostasis about them too. It's no surprise that he chose to burn one of them in a re-enactment of the famous Bonfire of the Vanities by Renaissance firebrand preacher Girolomo Savonarola, staged in 1998 on the 500th anniversary of the monk's death. Novikov even began to look like a monk, sprouting a long, springy beard and adopting an Orthodox religiosity that was rather more than casual interest towards the end of his life.

His veer towards the right in the late '90s is also telling. When the New Artists became the New Academy in 1991, it was only a matter of time before the classicism the group now espoused became a symbol of the purity of the new Russian nationalism. Its cult of the Tsar, of the Orthodox saints, of 19th-century Russianness, its cult of Novikov himself for that matter would thrive in Putin's Russia. Academy members received state salaries and cosied up to state museums in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Gone was Punk to be replaced by opera and the perfect human form. By his premature death in 2002 Novikov had already aligned his Academy with anti-Western paranoia, writing "...it is clear that the dissemination of American modernism is relevant only for the countries of Western Europe, which are members of NATO. And Russia is necessary for the West in the image of the enemy."

The opening of the exhibition coincided with a new push to define the Fundamental of the State Cultural Policy, a paper which enlarges on official attitudes towards culture: anti-multicultural, anti-tolerance and diversity, anti-liberal, pro an interpretation of what it means to be Russian summed up in the expression "Russia is not Europe." Contemporary artists who ignore this will not only be starved of state support, "[a]s a minimum, such art should not receive government support," but, "[a]s a maximum, the state should prevent [its] negative impact on public consciousness." Bizarrely the works on show in Calvert 22's fine exhibition would both fall foul of this policy and endorse it. Uniquely, it shows not only how challenging cultural norms can be a supremely creative force for positive change in society, but also how artists can move from there towards an absolute adherence to a single ideal - neo-academism in this case - towards, in effect, a new totalitarian approach to art.

A version of this article was first published by Russia! Magazine

Cherry Blossom Special

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Seong jin An, Sakura-Sakura (2014) 42.5 X 63.8 inches, injet print, face mounted on Plexiglas, image: courtesy of the artist


When you first encounter the photographic works of Seong Jin An at the Tenri Cultural Institute Gallery, you see images of beauty in the form of blossoming branches stark against a black or white ground. These are Sakura or Cherry Blossoms captured in understated focus implying movement and time during late day and evening.

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Seong jin An, Sakura-Sakura (with ambient reflections) (2014) 42.5 X 63.8 inches, injet print, face mounted on Plexiglas, image: courtesy of the author


The second thing you will notice is a reflection of yourself, and perhaps a few people that might be passing by and around you, in the Plexiglas that holds the photographs steady and flat to the wall. This intrusion into the image is an unpredictable, shifting reference to wabi-sabi, the Japanese aesthetic of things that are imperfect, transient, and incomplete, which is similar to the Buddhist teachings of impermanence. This combination of the modest representation of subject matter, and the ever changing reflected surface that joins the image, bridges your unconscious to consciousness that in turn, brings to mind the man-made disturbances in our environment and our social systems. A key concern of the artist.

This skillful, albeit subliminal message of the still photography is further clarified in An's video installation Sakura-Sakura (2014)*. The video has three phases. The first is a still view of hazy blossoming branches against a white backdrop where the artist writes slowly and in sequence, his thoughts about the relationship between the Japanese people and nature, hometown and earth, and a willingness to "remain in Tokyo and Fukushima after the great earthquake." In the end, he finds answers in the knowledge that "Harmony and peace are pursued through re-examination of the good" despite the fact that "some Japanese lament the lack of a sense of danger". A puzzling dichotomy for outsiders.

Next we have a variety of branches and backdrops only now there is movement, most likely created in some computer animation program, of petals falling from the naturally aging flowers. Finally, there are still shots of unrest and protest in contemporary Japanese life giving even greater focus to the concerns of the artist regarding sustainability, pollution and green science. The three stages of the video tell a story of a quickly changing world and the ability nature has had to withstand the onslaught and maintain its natural progressions. A truth that is becoming more and more clear each day.

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Seong jin An, Sakura-Sakura (2014) 42.5 X 63.8 inches, injet print, face mounted on Plexiglas, image: courtesy of the artist


After the message sinks in we are left with the subject matter -- hauntingly beautiful images that dance across the picture plane from one side to the middle and beyond like a newly, and quickly forming fissure in the earth. A crack that, with all of its trouble and turbulence, brings change and reminds us that we stand upon a living thing, a planet that will give us all we need if we are patient and sensitive to its natural rhythms.

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Seong jin An, Sakura-Sakura (2014) 42.5 X 63.8 inches, injet print, face mounted on Plexiglas, image: courtesy of the artist


An also addresses the spiritual side of existence. In one work, one of two square format photographs that at first seemed only to hold highly pixilated golden browns and yellows on the bottom left corner, has the faintest image of a face emerging from the darkness.

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Seong jin An, Sakura-Sakura (with ambient reflections) (2014) 42.5 X 42.5 inches, injet print, face mounted on Plexiglas, image: courtesy of the author


It took me a while to notice this hidden Buddha as it was obscured by the reflective nature of the Plexiglas, but I am very glad I did. I am a firm believer in the artist rewarding those who take the time to look, as too many gallery and museum visitors do not take the time to fully and openly see the art. It's like the difference between hearing and listening -- part of An's message is that you must have sensitivity to perceive and identify.

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Seong jin An, Sakura-Sakura (2014) 42.5 X 42.5 inches, injet print, face mounted on Plexiglas, image: courtesy of the artist


Born in Japan of Korean parents, An now spends half his time in Japan and the other half in Korea documenting his observations. This split in living, social practices, aesthetics and environment affords him the ability to step back a bit more to get a sense of the whole picture, as his concerns are not just a fact of life in Asia or the Pacific Rim, but in all corners of the earth. We owe artists like AN a debt of gratitude as he fights the good fight expressing concerns of a sick planet with the chance for positive change in our hearts and minds.

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Seong jin An, Sakura-Sakura (2014) 42.5 X 63.8 inches, injet print, face mounted on Plexiglas, image: courtesy of the artist


*All the works in the exhibition are titled Sakura-Sakura (2014) and can be distinguished by their size and placement in the gallery.

Art and Venues

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Zolla/Lieberman is going to take a break. After their consummate Deborah Butterfield show, which opens tonight, closes sometime in September, the gallery will close for six months while their space is rehabbed and reconfigured. Faced with a significant rent increase, the gallery chose to contract, redefine their space, and stay put. Creative people find creative solutions.

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Some artists change themes, content and sometimes styles for every body of work - and sometimes even more often. A smaller percentage of artists find their voice and preferred expression and stick with it for their entire career. Deborah Butterfield has been making horses from found branches for decades, first directly out of wood, and now by casting that wood into unique bronze sculptures.

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Over time, the art reveals incremental improvements that make the most recent work the most beautiful yet. The relationship of the "wood" to itself, the overall composition, and the remarkable patinas place her in a category others can't touch. The show sings.

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As society becomes perpetually more urban, art like Butterfield's reminds us of our roots; ancestry; big, open spaces; and the fragility of our planet. Always relevant, the art seems even more pertinent now.

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Creativity, solutions and synergy abound in Chicago Sculpture International's Biennial titled Invoking the Absence, which opens Saturday at the Elks National (War) Memorial at Diversey and Sheridan.

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I've lived in Chicago for decades, have wanted to get into the Elks Memorial for years, and never have. CSI's exhibit is the first art exhibit in the building and it's free.

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I'm not clear on how this show came about, but someone deserves a lot of credit for fulfilling an inspired idea. CSI Is a great group of Chicago sculptors working towards a common goal. Shows like this will enhance their exposure and impact.

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Ask the Art Professor: Should I Pursue a Career in Fine Art?

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"I am a lifelong self-taught artist who has been accepted into a number of fine arts programs, including a BFA program at a local university. I'm really happy about this, but I feel torn. I have done many mundane jobs in my life and always promised myself that I would leave it behind and seek something more creative as a means of living. Now that I have that chance, I feel hesitant. Part of me thinks I should do something more 'practical' and have something that will enable me to grow professionally no matter what happens to the economy, my geographical circumstances, etc. Another part of me says that I'm 35 now and I may as well seize the opportunity to do something creative and really invest in myself, and take this time to explore through my artistic practice what it is that interests me. What do I do?"

The prevailing piece of advice that I give to my students when they worry (which is all the time) about a career in fine arts is this: no matter what happens, don't live your life with a sense of regret.

One of my friends from art school did not pursue a career in fine arts, and instead chose early on to switch to an unrelated field. Over the many years since we graduated from art school, he has always had a full-time job with benefits and has not had to worry about the future. He goes on international vacations, his kids go to private school, and he eats out frequently at expensive restaurants. In our past and present conversations, I am the one talking about the constant state of anxiety I live in. I never know whether I will have job next year, I struggle to pay for childcare month to month, and vacations are just wishful thinking.

Last year, he had a crushing realization: sixteen years had passed since art school, and in all of those years, he hadn't made any art. Those years were gone, and the sense of regret he felt was devastating.

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My friend and I are polar opposites, which raises the question about whether choosing a career in fine art really is that black and white. I really wish I could tell you that you can have it both ways and still be successful as a professional artist, but I can't. This profession is tough, insecure, and extremely unpredictable. All of the professional fine artists I know are so devoted to their studio practice that to reduce their commitment in any way would be a setback in their career. Professional artists breathe art daily. Their drive to create art is unstoppable. They have to have an iron-clad resilience and a fierce survival instinct. If hearing that sounds scary, and painting on Sunday afternoons for three hours can satisfy you creatively, then it's likely that a career in fine arts isn't the right fit for you. If this sounds exciting and inspiring, then seize this opportunity and don't look back.

I will admit that I can't help but be jealous all of the comforts my friend enjoys. I fantasize about having a full-time job with benefits, and I have fleeting moments where I question why I do this to myself. At the same time, I know that I will never look back and regret my decision to live life as an artist. For me, the impulse to create art is so great that if I didn't follow my aspirations, I would be signing on to live my life with a relentless itch. I know that it would be torture for me to take a job unrelated to art. I would be preoccupied with what my life could have been like as a professional artist. I would rather take the plunge and fall flat on my face, than live with that itch. When I think about it that way, all of the luxuries I envy in my friend become insignificant.

Ask the Art Professor is an advice column for visual artists. Submit your questions to clara(at)claralieu.com

War - Art - Peace: I

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War is in the air again.

Be it in Ukraine, surrounded by the second largest stash of nuclear weapons on earth outside the U.S., or among the legions of child soldiers in Somalia, Congo and Sudan, or with bad luck, back on the Indochinese peninsula up to Bangladesh.

What better moment then for Paris, the once colonial capital and repeated site of peace treaty negotiations to host perhaps the greatest single artwork of the Twentieth Century dedicated to ending war, Candido Portinari's Guerre et Paix (War & Peace), the multi-panel mural that has for 50 years hung in the United Nations headquarters in New York.

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Neither abstract nor representational Portinari's masterwork blends chromatic pastels laid on in thick, angular lead-based impastos that convey sense of calm and conflict. Women grieve. Men scream. Mist creeps up. Families gather. The world and we are confronted with the endless dilemma: to arm and slay or to reflect and negotiate.

Freshly restored in Brazil, Portinari's homeland, and hung in Rio de Janeiro's municipal theatre before being flown on enormous cargo planes to Paris, War and Peace is on display in Paris's Grand Palais (which also houses just now a large collection of the late Robert Mapplethorpe's sometimes--no mostly--shocking photographs) until June 9. Normally hung on each side of the entryway to the UM General Assembly War and Peace normally can only be seen by UN delegates due to current security controls. Thus, the display in Paris offers the most intimate contact and chance to study the multiple stories Portinari tells in the work, depicting peoples and scenes from all over the earth.

Labeled "our unknown celebrity" by O Globo, Brazil's leading newspaper, two decades after his death, Portinari remains relatively little known in the United States--despite a rich trove of portraits commissioned by some of America's most important figures during the 1930s--from pianist Artur Rubenstein and violinist Yehudi Menuhin to the Rockefeller family. He was also commissioned to decorate the Hispanic branch of the Library of Congress just before the outbreak of World War II.

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But once the war had ended, Portinari--the son of immigrant Italian coffee plantation workers--joined the Brazilian Communist Party, a reflection of his growing social conscience for the condition of the poor working in fields and factories. Not surprisingly he immediately lost favor in the United States. Portinari was incessantly hounded by the Brazilian police, partially due to pressure from the American government and took refuge in Uruguay and Argentina before returning to France, where he had studied during the Depression. His work was shown widely in Europe until he was commissioned to paint War and Peace.

Supported by two of Brazil's most important architects, Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer, Portinari was invited to return to Brazil by a new regime in 1951 and was commissioned to begin work on War and Peace as a gift to the UN. Already gravely ill from saturnism, the so-called painter's sickness resulting from too much contact with lead based paint, he died in 1962. Because of his past membership in the Brazilian Communist Party Portinari was forbidden to come to New York to see the inauguration of the murals.

The Cannes Diaries: Grace of Monaco, a Slasher, A Party Girl and SANAD

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The Festival de Cannes so far has been overwhelming, and overwhelmingly amazing. Everyone is here, and I mean everyone. But beyond the celebrities, the parties, the red carpets and the premieres, there are films, serious films, wonderful films, sublime filmmakers and incredible actors. And, if you're lucky and keep your eyes focused on people, instead of your phone (as most industry insiders seem to do as they walk straight into you) you can actually catch the very best the film world has to offer. Right on the Croisette.

The festival kicked off perfectly for me as I settled into my comfy seat inside the Palais on Wednesday morning, to watch the first Cannes screening of Olivier Dahan's Grace of Monaco starring Nicole Kidman. I expected entertainment from the film and instead, got a lesson in what it means to be a woman, a strong woman. The kind of woman whom, I'm convinced if alive today, would turn upside down the chaos of this world. If you wonder why the reviews for Grace were so unfavorable, just check out their bylines. Most, if not all critics are men. And how can a man accept that a woman is a better diplomat and can offer a more balanced view than all the men put together? You can find my mini "review" for Grace of Monaco on the Dubai International Film Festival blog, Cinemy.

If you think I'm making up the sexism in cinema, and of course as a result in film critique today, well, don't listen to me, rather to Cannes Jury President Jane Campion, who is also the only woman ever to have been awarded the Palme d'Or in the festival's 67 year history. Her full statement, which she made during the opening press conference for the jury, is a gem:

... There is some inherent sexism in the industry. Thierry Frémaux told us that us only seven percent, out of the 1,800 films submitted to the Cannes Film Festival, were directed by women. He was proud to say that we had 20 percent in all of the programs. Nevertheless, it feels very undemocratic, and women do notice. Time and time again we don't get our share of representation. Excuse me gentlemen, but the guys seem to eat all the cake. It's not that I resent the male filmmakers. I love all of them. But there is something that women are thinking of doing that we don't get to know enough about. It's always a surprise when a woman filmmaker does come about.


But enough depressing news. Personally, I've interviewed quite a few women filmmakers so far, and one of them, a truly insightful gem of inspiring quotes, is Tunisian filmmaker Kaouther Ben Hania. Her film Challat of Tunis was the opening selection for the ACID program, which plays as a sidebar to the main competitions. Supported by the Enjaaz fund of the Dubai International Film Festival, where the film also world premiered last December, Ben Hania's film is a wonderful mix of reality and reenactment, truth and fiction, the absurd and the mundane which all blend to show Tunisia's current environment. How far they've come since the revolution, but also how far they still have to travel on the road to gender equality and policies. All told through the examination of the urban legend of a man who slashed tightly dressed women's bottoms in 2003 Tunis.

The other sublime organization in the UAE which contributes to the growth of film from the region is the Abu Dhabi Film Festival. This year, both DIFF and ADFF, along with the Dubai Film & TV Commission and the Abu Dhabi Film Commission, are sharing a pavilion, and doubling the excitement. There is a "Best of Arabic Short Films by twofour54" section in the Short Film Corner where twofour54 creative lab will show five short films from UAE filmmakers, parties at the pavilion, but most importantly, great news.

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The latest, is the Abu Dhabi Film Festival announcement of the recipients for their next cycle of SANAD grants for Arab filmmakers. The list includes development grants to impressive projects like Money Babe, directed by Hiner Saleem (who was in Cannes last year, with My Sweet Pepper Land in the Un Certain Regard section) and Hedi, directed by Mohammed Ben Attia, and produced by Dora Bouchoucha. Post production grants have been awarded to Cat, directed by Ibrahim El Batout; The Valley, directed by Ghassan Salhab; The Wanted 18, directed by Amer Shomali and Paul Cowan; Um Ghayeb, directed by Nadine Salib; and Pirates of Salé, directed by Merieme Addou and Rosa Rogers. For a full list, check out the ADFF website.

Mid-afternoon, I stopped by a local café, tucked away from the hustle and bustle, to catch up with Venice Days' Giorgio Gosetti, who is an endless source of inspiration. I regard his talk with Palestinian superstar Hiam Abbass during last year's Venice Film Festival as one of my favorite interviews ever. He brought out a side of Abbass seldom seen and made me love her work, and his mission at the auteurs' sidebar of Venice, even more.

Then it was time to indulge in some luxury findings at the DPA Gift Lounge inside the Carlton, run by the ever fabulous Nathalie Dubois-Sissoko. Among some of the must-haves this year are incredible Blacmèra dresses designed by Yuliana Candra in Italian silk hand-painted in Indonesia, fantastic slimming and firming cremes and concoctions by McCoy Ltd. from Japan, beautiful tuxedos and dress shirts from Indian company Aliph, and a dreamy headdress that I now realize I must have by French jewelry company Tand3m. Who needs a ballgown when you can wear this! More on the lounge, and a lovely interview with Dubois in the next days...

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And finally, a film, Party Girl, the opening film for this year's Un Certain Regard. I enjoyed being back in the theater where, for me, the magic of Cannes started almost exactly a year ago, with my first viewing of Hany Abu-Assad's Omar. That experience, and I can't say it often enough, changed my life. From watching the film and its filmmakers go through hell, and come out winners in representing Palestine at the Oscars this year, to seeing it conquer country after country and heart after heart, Omar has been a cinema lover's dream come true.

While Party Girl wasn't as life-changing, after all magic like that can come about only once, maybe twice in a lifetime, the story, the reality-meets-narrative premise of a sixty-year-old dancing girl in a French-German border town finally deciding to settle down and get married, with all the consequences that may bring, was intriguing, and I believe I'll be thinking about the film for days, maybe weeks to come... It also has so much going on behind the scenes, the true-to-life heroine of the film, Anjelique Litzenburger's real life son Samuel Theis -- along with co-directors Marie Amachoukeli and Claire Burger -- directed the film, her real life children "act" in it, and that all makes it appealing on a whole other level. Where does reality end and fiction begin?

And that could also be the question for Cannes this year!

53+ Free Image Sources For Your Blog and Social Media Posts

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In social media, we're all increasingly thinking about visual content.

At Buffer, we've shared our own study on the importance of images in Twitter posts for more social sharing. We've explored tools that help anyone create visual content.

But there's one question we get asked quite often: Where can you find free, good quality images that are cleared to use for your blog posts or social media content?

It's a question with a lot of different answers and caveats. Nearly every image created in the last 30 years is still protected by copyright -- a protection that gives virtually every author the exclusive right to use or reproduce their work. But you can find a public domain photo, use a Creative Commons image that might need attribution or even create your own image from scratch.

We'll explore all of these and then some in this post about free image sources. A few things to know before we get started:

What is Creative Commons?
Creative Commons is a nonprofit organization that enables the sharing and use of creativity and knowledge through free legal tools.

There are various types of Creative Commons licenses that range from allowing any type of use with no attribution to allowing only certain uses and no changes.

What is public domain?
Works in the public domain are those whose copyrights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Finding something on the internet does not mean it is in the public domain.

These terms will come up often as we discuss free photo sources. Read over the terms and conditions of each site you try so you know exactly when and what type of attribution is required.

In this post, we'll break down more than 50 different sources and tools for visual content. We'll cover the following (click on any section to be taken to that area directly):


Searchable photo databases


If you want a photo or image on a specific topic, you'll want a site that's searchable. Here are a few to check out. (To better help you evaluate these sites, I performed the same search on each using the word"coffee.")

1.) Dreamstime


Dreamstime offers a free section that's searchable and frequently updated. It requires you to create a (free) account.

dreamstime

2.) Free Digital Photos


Free Digital Photos houses a wealth of free images---categorized and searchable---for business, personal or educational use. They're smaller sized, and larger versions are available to purchase. Using the free images often requires a credit to the photographer and the site like the one you see below.

Free Digital Images

Image Credit: khunaspix via FreeDigitalPhotos.net

3.) Free Images


Free Images is a large gallery of more than 350,000 stock photos, searchable and categorized. Downloading a photo does require a longer-than-most signup process but the bigger selection might be worth it.

Free Images

4.) Free Range Stock


Free Range Stock offers access to free high-quality, high-resolution stock photos. A (free) registration is required.

Free Range Stock

5.) Free Photos Bank


Free Photos Bank has a nice collection of free photos available for download without login. They're extensively categorized with a few different ways to search, too.

Free Photos Bank

6.) ImageFree


ImageFree's registered users can download both free and paid images to use in corporate and personal projects. The free selection seems fairly limited, though---my coffee search didn't turn up a free photo I could use.

7.) IM Free


IM Free offers a curated collection of free resources, all for commercial use. Search for a keyword or browse through the stylishly crafted categories.

IM Free

8.) Morguefile


Morguefile contains photographs freely contributed by many artists to be used in creative projects by visitors to the site. A short registration is required, and morguefile asks that users credit the photographer when possible.

MorgueFile

9.) Pixabay


Pixabay offers copyright-free, cost-free images published under Creative Commons. You can copy, modify, distribute and use the images, even for commercial purposes. No registration is required.

Pixabay

10.) Public Domain Pictures


Public Domain Pictures is a repository for a wide variety of free public domain images uploaded by amateur photographers. A brief signup is required. (Premium download is an option if you need larger images.)

Public Domain Pictures

11.) Stockvault


Stockvault is a stock photo sharing website where photographers, designers and students can share their photographs, graphics and image files with each other for free and use them for personal and non-commercial design work. No registration is required.

Stockvault

12.) Rgbstock


Rgbstock is a free stock image site created by photographers and graphic artists. Registration (required) is one-click and the pool of photos is pretty deep.

RGBPhoto

Free-form photo collections


Sites in this category offer a more freewheeling approach to images---no searching but lots of discovery.

Since there's no search in this category, I've picked a representative image for each service.

13.) Ancestry Images


Ancestry Images offers a free image archive of historical prints, maps and artifact photos, like this print of a New Zealand Maori Warrior from 1817.

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14.) BigFoto


BigFoto is a royalty-free photo gallery in which most of the photos have been contributed by amateur photographers. No login is required. It's organized mainly by geographic area---for example, this photo is from the Copenhagen collection.

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15.) Gratisography


Gratisography is a collection of free high-resolution images for personal or commercial use. New photos are added weekly; simply click to download.

Gratisography

16.) Death to The Stock Photo


Death to The Stock Photo offers free high-res lifestyle photography sent to you monthly.

Death to Stock Photo

17.) FreeMediaGoo


FreeMediaGoo offers royalty-free, cost-free media that can be used in print, film, TV, Internet or any other type of media both for commercial and personal use. There's no login required but the inventory is slightly more limited, organized into unique categories like beach backgrounds and concrete textures.

FreeMediaGoo

18.) Hubspot


It's not a photo source per se, but marketing platform Hubspot often offers packages of free photos in exchange for your email address.

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19.) iStock


iStock releases new a new batch of free stock images every week. (Signup for a free membership---a slightly confusing process---is required.)

BigFoto

20.) Little Visuals


Little Visuals delivers 7 high-res images to use anyway you want via email every 7 days. Subjects range from industrial parts to idyllic landscapes.

Little Visuals

21.) New Old Stock


New Old Stock is a collection of vintage photos from the public archives, free of known copyright restrictions.

New Old Stock

22.) PicJumbo


PicJumbo offers a variety of free photos for any kind of use---free of charge with no registration required. Although there's no search function, categories will help you find your way.

Picjumbo

23.) Pickupimage


Pickupimage is a large collection of free stock images mostly focusing on nature- and outdoor-related scenes that can be copied, modified an distributed---even for commercial purposes. No registration necessary! Since the pool isn't too broad this site didn't pass the coffee search, but here's a sample of what you can find there.

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24.) Superfamous


Superfamous houses the work of Dutch interaction designer Folkert Gorter, whose photography is available under the conditions of a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. This means that you can use the work for your own purposes -- including commercial use -- as long as credit is provided.

Superfamous

25.) Unsplash


Unsplash offers 10 free (do whatever you want) high-resolution photos every 10 days.

UnSplash

26.) Wikimedia Commons


Wikimedia Commons is a database of 21,049,775 freely usable media files to which anyone can contribute. The images are painstakingly organized but the classifications may not be super clear if you're not a big Wikipedia user (I'm not).

Wikimedia Commons

These sites don't offer free photos themselves but rather provide a way to search easily through Flickr or public domain photos to more quickly find a photo you can use.

27.) Can We Image


Can We Image searches and displays results from Wikimedia Commons. All search results link directly to the resource's usage rights page.

Can We Image

28.) Compfight


Compfight is a Flickr image search engine that uses the Flickr API to locate images based on your license needs.

Compfight

29.) Creative Commons Search


Creative Commons Search is a sort of photo search engine clearinghouse that offers access to search services provided by other organizations like Flickr and Google.

For example, searching for kittens on Creative Commons Search and selecting Google Images brings me here. Note that the search has been set up with special parameters.

Creative Commons Search

30.) Foter


Foter is a Flickr-focused search tool that helps quickly unearth photos and identify their licenses.

Foter

31.) Google Advanced Image Search


Google Advanced Image Search is a method of finding free-to-use images through Google's own search tools. Here's a quick guide.

Google Advanced Image Search

32.) Every Stock Photo


Every Stock Photo is a search engine for free photos. These come from many sources and are license-specific. You can view a photo's license by clicking on the license icon, below and left of photos. Membership is free and allows you to rate, tag, collect and comment on photos.

Every Stock Photo

33.) Image Finder


Image Finder allows users to search Creative Commons photos from Flickr with similar filters for commercial/non-commercial and other categories.

ImageFinder

34.) PhotoPin


PhotoPin's interface allows users to search millions of Creative Commons photos from Flickr.

PhotoPin

35.) StockPhotos.io


StockPhotos.io is a Creative Commons-licensed professional free stock photos sharing community of about 25,000 images. All photos displayed on this Pinterest-esque site are allowed for commercial use with proper credits to the authors.

Stockphotos.io

36.) TinEye


TinEye is a reverse image search engine. It finds out where an image came from, how it is being used, if modified versions of the image exist, or if there is a higher resolution version.

TinEye

37.) Wylio


Wylio is an all-in-one picture finder, re-sizer and attribution builder for bloggers. Users can resize up to 5 free images per month.

Wylio

Create-your-own image tools


For options beyond readymade images, consider the many tools available to help even the design-challenged among us create attractive, original images.

37.) Canva


is one we particularly turn to often for creating new images to accompany Buffer's blog posts. This tool allows users to search for the best graphics, photos, and fonts (or upload your own) then use Canva's drag-and-drop tool to create a new design.

Canva

38.-51.)


For plenty more options for making original art, quote images and even infographics, check out Buffer's 14 Great Tools to Create Engaging Infographics and Images for your Social Media Posts.

Embeddable media


52.) Getty Images


made big news recently when it began to allow non-commercial sites to embed some of its photos for free.

Downloading an image and uploading it to your website is still a no-no---you've got to embed it.

As you'll see below, an embed is slightly more intrusive than simply adding a photo into your post - the embed keeps its own frame, share buttons and branding. Still, for many blogs it's an option worth looking into.

Search for embeddable photos here. Read the instructions and then click on the Search images available to embed link.


53.+)


It's also worth noting that you can embed Twitter, Facebook or Google+ posts, YouTube videos and even Slideshare decks into your blog post.

Pinterest boards are a little trickier to embed, but it can be done. Here's a full guide from Ginny Soskey and a look at her adorable example board.



Follow Pinterest Pin pets on Pinterest
Often, viewers can engage with embedded posts more deeply than static content by following users, liking or commenting on posts

Consider replacing screenshots with embedded posts so that users can engage with your examples.

What free photo sites did I miss? What tools do you like the most to find or create images? I'd love to keep the list growing in the comments!

P.S. If you liked this post, you might also like How To Make Your Posts Stand Out on Twitter, Facebook & LinkedIn: The Complete Guide to Social Media Formatting and The Big List of The 61 Best Social Media Tools for Small Business.

Top image courtesy TimothyKrause

When Art and History Combine Perfectly

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A photograph of a wax figure sculpted from a painting. That's the idea behind Hiroshi Sugimoto's Portraits, a series of nine-minute-long exposures of wax figures that were modeled from painted portraits.

The result is a paparazzi-like photograph of a historical figure turned into a modern celebrity. Many of these photographs are now on view at the Getty Museum along with two other series by the artist.

How to combine art appreciation and historical context to give valuable experiences to visitors remains a challenge in the museum community. Art exhibitions tend to strip down the historical context of the artist or work or time period in deference to art appreciation. History exhibitions, on the other hand, can focus so intently on the context that aesthetics are overpowered by information. It's a well known debate in the museum world: art versus history, and can they ever successfully co-exist.

For example, a touring Frida Kahlo exhibition in which all objects and paintings are reproductions met criticism. The goal was to immerse the viewer in the world and biography of Frida Kahlo, however critics questioned the quality of the reproductions and the misleading advertising language.

But when executed correctly, a reproduction show can offer a way for art and history to co-exist. And that's what Sugimoto's Portraits accomplishes. While not technically reproductions, Sugimoto acknowledges his photographs are a step removed from the original work.

"Photography is like a found object. A photographer never makes an actual subject; they just steal the image from the world...Photography is a system of saving memories. It's a time machine, in a way, to preserve the memory, to preserve time."


Sugimoto's masterfully executed photographs show us how we can produce new objects from history that satisfy both aesthetic and historical context, as seen in the beautifully haunting photograph of Anne of Cleves, fourth wife of Henry VIII.

Here is how this works. Almost 500 years ago, Hans Holbein the Younger painted a portrait of Anne of Cleves.

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Then Madame Tussaud created a wax figure of her based on the painting.

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Enter Sugimoto, who staged the wax figure, removed the background, changed the angle, and composed this striking image.

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The Holbein portrait was created to show Henry VIII and his council what Anne of Cleves looked like during marriage negotiations. That has framed and limited the context in which we experience Anne of Cleves, and therefore it's been easy to pass on the myth of the "Flanders mare" that displeased Henry VIII. We only know Anne of Cleves through Henry VIII's frame of reference.

Two steps removed from the painting, Sugimoto's photograph allows viewers to reset the context and experience her in a different dimension, as a person, and from her point of view. After appreciating the artistry of his composition and technique, it doesn't take long for viewers to wonder which moment in her life Sugimoto is trying to preserve.

Is it the moment she learned she was moving from Germany to England to become the fourth wife of the King of England? Is it a lonely moment as she watches everyone at court laughing in a language she doesn't speak? Is it the moment she realized her royal marriage was in jeopardy and she needed options? Or perhaps it's a moment from later in her life, as she peacefully reflects on her survival while walking through the gardens at Hever Castle.

Sugimoto's Portraits offer the best of both worlds for art lovers and history lovers, beautiful art that brings history to life before our eyes. The concept of the work is so compelling and well executed, it offers inspiration not only to artists but also to museum professionals on ways to bring art and history into harmony.

Technology and Using Your Illusion

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Click here to watch the TEDTalk that inspired this post.

Erik Johansson's Surrealist-style photography comes from a long history of manipulation within the discipline itself. Any fashion magazine bears evidence to this type of engineering; skin is made to look more porcelain, a wrinkle disappears and the image of a naturally attractive person is now indeed unrealistically beautiful. Almost impossible to replicate or emulate in real life. And it is this imagery that the audience compares itself to. Cognitive restructuring is employed and we recalibrate our brains to decide this is how it is going to be. The fantasy of one's mind now appears on the page, (or on the wall), and the messaging is complicated when we try to achieve an unattainable perfection in reality. But for the sake of Johanssons' work, it leads us back to what is being fleshed out in the first place. I ask myself, what comes first, the magic or the manipulation?

In an email exchange with Kansas City photographer EG Schempf we discussed the propositions involved in Johansson's imagery. "It is to me the 'extreme' of what you can do with Photoshop. I agree with his principles of how to make the illusion work, same light and working with actual photos. Many users of (Photoshop) aren't as obvious. (It) is used mostly to 'tweak' reality. Remove a blemish, correct perspective, control contrast, exposure, composition...The main job of the photographer is to 'direct' the eye. Directing the eye is done with composition, light and dark."

Schempf goes on to say, "What (Johansson) is (discussing) in the TED talk is 'compositing.' He really is totally restructuring reality."

Sometimes, a reversal of this refashioning is undertaken and a foothold into brutal reality takes us out of the fantasy and deep into the gutter. If you examine the banality of photographer Stephen Shore's Americana you are expected to look for the cracks in the ceiling or carelessly strewn trash lingering in the corners. Going further, there is a cruel honesty found in the work of Tulsa, Oklahoma's drug scene shot by filmmaker Larry Clark from 1963-1971. Both artists create imagery that is stripped to an unflinching honesty where we do not necessarily see their subjects first, but the circumstances that surround them, and therein lies the wonder or despair which gives us pause for reflection and contemplation.

Other times the lines are blurred between certainty, fantasy and circumstance, as with the art of Cindy Sherman whose Untitled Film Stills (1977-1980) recreated a world of unreality. At first they were an experiment of what supposed fans of an imaginary icon, portrayed by Sherman herself, wanted to see. They progressed into an entire series of "unguarded moments" that would purportedly be shown in a magazine or social column; movie starlet at home, ice cold socialite, sex kitten, until Sherman eventually exhausted clichés and archetypes to emulate.

Sherman, Clark and Shore are singular artists using environment and culture to traverse between actuality and fantasy, but as technology progresses, are artists like Johansson relying on tools to transcend our imaginations? Manifesting itself into a tangible embodiment takes dexterity and patience. To not co-opt your vision is limited to how technological manipulation serves you, as a servant or a tyrant.

In photography, timing is everything; the right location, the right light, the right subject; the artist then might rely on tools, like Photoshop, to transcend the imagination. How such tools reveal itself into a tangible embodiment that ordinarily takes dexterity and patience depends on how the creator decides who is serving whom.

Does it become more about design than vision? At what point do you put down the keypad and take to the street? It is there that the machine of the mind is set in motion, you have an understanding of what you want to achieve and try to figure it out both creatively and logistically. Understanding how the light for merged images is necessary to be identical. But does one not need to comport an original idea before setting off on a technological rabbit hole?

Johansson is right when he says we are only limited by our own imagination. However, with such a heavy reliance on technology to demonstrate our dreams, it might be until we run out of clichés that we reach our limit.

We want to know what you think. Join the discussion by posting a comment below or tweeting #TEDWeekends. Interested in blogging for a future edition of TED Weekends? Email us at tedweekends@huffingtonpost.com.

LeRoi Jones' Dutchman at The Classical Theater of Harlem

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The subway may be an edgy experience on a good day, but the 1964 encounter between a black man and a swivel hipped white woman, at the center of LeRoi Jones' allegory, Dutchman, may terrify today's rush hour straphanger. As mounted by the consistently wonderful Classical Theater of Harlem in tandem with National Black Theater, this 50th anniversary production of Dutchman is the most gripping 45 minutes in town.

A man, Clay (Sharif Atkins), rides the "flying underbelly of the city" on a hot summer evening, reading his magazine, when a vixen-like woman catches his eye. She says her name is Lula (Ambien Mitchell), but then again, by her own boast, she always lies. Take note: she's eating a very red apple, and offers him a bite. She may be Eve in the garden, or that malicious witch in Snow White. Either way, no good can come of this, as the astute audience well knows; with other riders, including the affable conductor (Lorenzo Scott) ignoring the crazies, the tension mounts as we witness just how bad this coupling will go. Strewn with carefully curated litter, Christopher and Justin Swader's evocative set, and Eric Sluyter's duly menacing sound, the subway makes a scary backdrop, true to its day. Under Carl Cofield's direction, and with acting so fine, Jones' poetry transcends the play's historic racial and sexual politics, seeming antique and doomed to repeat-- like this ride -- endlessly.

Jones, in the 1960s was a powerful figure on New York's literary scene, in a biracial marriage with poet Hettie Jones with whom he had two children. He also fathered another child with poet Diane DiPrima, and worked with both women in small press publishing. Aligned with beat generation poets Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, Jones was similarly influenced by jazz, until the assassination of Malcom X radicalized him into taking on a new identity as Amiri Baraka.

After a recent performance, a talkback revealed that Amina Baraka, Amiri's widow with whom he had four children, one of whom, Ras Baraka, is now mayor of Newark, said she did not much like this play, and wished they had chosen a different one. Amiri Baraka who died this past January had no part in the Dutchman production, but might have appreciated the tribute to his artistry.
Next up for CTH, Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet in Marcus Garvey Park's newly renovated outdoor theater.

A version of this post also appears on Gossip Central.

In Defense of Plucky Heroines

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Recently, a writer friend on Facebook posted a wrathful comment about female characters in contemporary fiction. "Spare me the plucky heroine," she raged. "The girl who manages to get by, no matter her circumstances!"

Her anger was unmistakable. Obviously, the here and now was getting on her nerves, for to rail against heroines who demonstrate any sort of agency is to willfully choose blindness to one's own circumstances. But I could not blame her. One does not wish to be reminded that women must struggle to get by, no matter their situations. One does not wish to be advised that a certain amount of pluck is necessary if one wishes to manage the world on her own. In fact, most women wish to live their lives in tranquility, with self-determined benchmarks of their own success, no matter that the world conspires against them.

But what should we do as readers? Avoid the female character who fights for herself because she reminds us of uncomfortable truths? Or should we turn to fiction to escape our fears? And what of the woman who writes fiction? Should she avoid writing the story that turns a blinding light on the things she sees as true because someone will dismiss her protagonist as plucky?

I grew up reading books, novels especially, and mine is an old story, especially by now, when we've been talking about whether or not women can or should be counted among serious writers for several hundred years now. Each generation thinks that it has discovered the subject but really, all we do is replicate the arguments of the past. Check the work of Mary Wollstonecraft, Charlotte Brontë, Virginia Woolf. Each in her own way decried the same things: Women's interests are not viewed as serious. Women find it hard to fight back because those who do will be castigated as complainers and scolds. Men control everything and so a woman who writes is helpless to stem the tide against her.

But even as they cataloged their demands, each writer, in her own way, also excelled at presenting the plucky heroine. Each excelled at the narrative of perseverance, exactly as if each one needed to say: "Take it on faith. This is what you're going to need."

My first models of what it meant to be active in the world, to take charge of one's own destiny, to achieve and succeed, were male characters. Huck Finn. Pip. David Copperfield. When my sister and I played a game we called "frontier," I always chose the role of Daniel Boone. Books had already taught me that those who moved in the world were male. And when I asked at the school library for good books, the librarian handed me novels with male protagonists. Old Yeller. The Red Pony. Lad: A Dog.

I liked these books. I liked imagining myself as strong and true. But I also knew that I was not like the male leads in the novels I read. I wore dresses to school. I had to act like a lady, which made it hard to fight wars or follow sled dogs through the snow.

When I was 11, the woman who lived next door cleaned out her daughter's room--the daughter had moved away--and a box of books appeared on my desk. Most were advice manuals dispensing counsel about make-up and hair-styles, the provenance of the good girl, the girl who did as she was told. But tucked underneath were a couple of novels. These had heavy cardboard covers and thick yellowing pages. They smelled of age and promise. The first one I opened began with a line that told me this book was going to be different. First off, the narrator was a woman. Second, and even more important, was the way she saw the world, with herself at the center and the story her own.

That was how I met Jane Eyre. She was a revelation to my 11-year-old self--the self who had already been taught that good books were written by men about courageous guys and noble, thoughtful boys. Jane was not like any girl character a man had written. She thought for herself. She took terrifying action, often at great risk, and did things that were unthinkable.

Unimaginable. Almost unbelievable. And yet I believed she could do them. And although I would not have said so when I first read her story, she made me believe that I could do things too.
From Jane I moved on to Tess (of the D'Urbervilles) and then to the confessional poets--Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton. My mother worried that I had fallen into a pit of despair. I had not. I was searching for a story that felt like my own. I knew I could not be Tom Sawyer. I could not follow Jack London into the wild. I could not prove myself on the battlefields of the Western front. In short, I could have none of the experiences described by writers from Hemingway to Faulkner--male writers all--that defined the world to readers or the place of the individual within it, as if war and hunting and the gain or loss of money were the formative experiences of every person who walked America.

Later, as I tried to write fiction, I struggled to find my way. Having had books by men presented to me as the best books in the world, I felt as if the stories I wanted to tell existed outside the things that it might be permissible to write about--and the things that were permissible to write about did not belong to me. I had the experience common to so many women who write: I could not lay claim to the universals of human experience because in literature human experience is always defined as male. We know we are reading "good" fiction when the interests described are understood through the male point of view--when his viewpoint is the validated lens through which we see. Fiction written by men is never called "men's fiction," in the way that fiction written by women--no matter the subject--is invariably called "women's fiction." Fiction written by men is only ever called "fiction." That's how you can tell it's the serious kind. That's how you know that it must be good.

I can hear you now. You will say that women who write no longer face a world as bleak as the one I describe. Plenty of women publish, even if no one has ever heard of them. You can rattle off names, those who have broken through, been vetted, won prizes. But in the "Year of Reading Women," I keep finding lists on social media telling us whom to read. Even though we have women writing good and serious fiction, women's names do not immediately come to mind when we wonder what to read next. We are far more likely to think of the boy-geniuses and the anointed males, the brotherhood of the world of fiction-writing men, fed to us in a steady stream by publications that review men and discuss men and proclaim literary victories--the vast majority for men.

But because we live in a world where the White House needs to speak out against sexual assault on campus and in the military, where a couple hundred school girls can be stolen from their boarding school, where women still don't earn equal pay, I say: Give me the plucky heroine every time. Give me the woman who struggles and wins. Or, if she does not win--thus avoiding being dismissed as part of a redemptive fiction, a narrative strategy maligned ever since Oprah first noticed it--at least makes small gains. Who inch by inch gains a toehold in her own life. Who reminds us that we are out there, women all, doing what it takes to live our lives and push ahead. Our victories may be local and particular. But they are ours. And they make up the world.

Randi Davenport is the author of the new book The End of Always.

First Nighter: Under My Skin Doesn't Get Below the Surface

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Usually the devil gets the best lines, but since there's no devil in Under My Skin, the comedy (?) by Robert Sternin and Prudence Fraser at the Little Shubert, it's the angel (charismatic Dierdre Friel), who cracks the funniest.

She spouts one about Steve Jobs that's an honest-to-goodness laugh-getter, but beyond that and a few others, as Friel cavorts in a glitzed-up white work uniform by costumer Lara de Bruijn, even Angel is hard pressed to keep the customers entertained during this lame-brained affair.

Angel is on hand as a Grim Reaper subordinate, who's messed up. When Harrison Badish III (Matt Walton, working very hard) and Melody Dent (Kerry Butler, also working very hard) fall 14 stories in an office-building elevator accident, Angel inadvertently claims them as dead, which they aren't. They jumped up a few feet just before the elevator car hit bottom and therefore saved themselves.

Or some such thing. Physics, you know.

The plot hitch is that in resurrecting Harrison and Melody, Angel puts them in each other's body and can't immediately undo her my-bad. Which is a good thing for Sternin and Fraser, because then they have reason to follow Harrison and Melody as they're forced to live each other's life for the next few weeks.

Harrison Badish, as the surname implies, is bad-ish. He has a narrow businessman's bottom-line view of Amalgamated Healthcare, where he's CEO. He has no time for differing opinions on how the company should be run, especially from underlings several echelons down. Melody is one of the unfortunates, a temp worker in need of full-time employment and benefits that will help in supporting her rebellious daughter Casey (Allison Strong) and bombastic, dementia-incipient grandfather Poppa Sam (Edward James Hyland).

For a while, the playwrights attempt to derive amusement from, among other lame sequences, Melody's dealing with erections while in bed with Harrison's sort-of-fiancée Victoria (Kate Loprest) and Harrison's coming to terms with Casey-Poppa Sam-related household stress. But in time, Sternin and Fraser feel obliged to raise their stakes from mere sex comedy by having Harrison in Melody's body diagnosed with a slow-growing cancer requiring immediate surgery. That introduces the serious possibility of an actual death to one -- well, parts of two -- of the focal figures.

By now, astute readers will have figured out that this is one of those walk-a-mile-in-someone-else's-shoes undertakings, though Harrison is condemned to walk more than a mile in stiletto heels. By the conclusion, when and if the two have been fully restored -- no spoilers here, but why don't you guess? -- they will have learned something for their out-of-body-into-another-body experience and will be the better for it and also drawn closer together. One of them might even get to say that "offering better health care than the other guy is good for business."

But while Under My Skin is another of those type scenarios -- not to mention vaguely reminiscent of Some Like It Hot -- it's not a particularly appealing one. To some extent, it's the opposite. Sternin and Fraser begin the opus with a typical day at Healthcare Amalgamated. What they depict is Harrison remaining oblivious in his retrograde view of running a profits-first-last-and-always corporation to what's going on around him.

What's going on runs to the women in the office shamelessly throwing themselves at Harrison, because he's so rich and handsome. The most blatant is Melody's best friend, Nanette (Megan Sikora), who takes every opportunity to thrust her chest at Harrison and bend over for him to look at her from the rear in a dress so tight it looks as if it's shellacked on.

At one point, Harrison says something about "sexual harassment," but he's not the one in for a harassment comeuppance, as for a few seconds he looks to be. He's the one being sexually harassed. The situation is one that most men and woman today -- certainly women -- will find offensive after decades of working at changing men-women sexual politics in the office. (Mad Men never looked like this.) A spectator can be forgiven for wondering why director Kirsten Sanderson does everything she can to exaggerate the behavior.

Where have Sternin and Fraser been all these years? Something else they don't seem to be aware of as they go on about mooting health care is the Affordable Care Act. Nowhere does it or its sobriquet, Obamacare, enter into anyone's discussion -- not in the Amalgamated Healthcare office or in the doctor's offices or hospitals where many scenes take place. Perhaps the writers didn't want to weight the play unduly by introducing prickly headlines.

Here's one answer to the where-have-Sternin-and-Fraser-been-all-these-years query: They've been in television. According to the program bio, they've been entrenched in writing situation comedies and have turned out more than 300 episodes of series like Who's the Boss? and The Nanny, which they developed.

Now they manufacture a situation comedy for the stage -- Under My Skin was produced initially at the Pasadena Playhouse -- that has all the earmarks of something they hope will legitimize them more than they may have been while toiling at their form of weekly exposure.

If that's the case, they haven't succeeded.

Street Photography in Stockholm (Pt. 2)

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Just a few days left before I leave for Thailand.

I'm more or less done packing. I'm traveling light. Everything I need fits in my backpack.
If I need something, I'll buy it there. This gives me a very satisfying sense of freedom.
I am more or less just leaving with my passport, money, a toothbrush and a small camera with a fixed lens.

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I've memorized some useful words; I've researched the places I will visit; and in my mind I have a loose plan for what kind of images I hope to take. Nothing is written in stone; spontaneity is always a keyword. A few days ago, I bought a violin. That was a spontaneous decision. For some weird reason I thought that it would be a piece of cake to learn how to play it. I was wrong. It sounds terrible.

I've tried to find some inspirational photography from the areas that I will visit, but nothing comes up no matter which search words I use. It's just regular tourist shots or dreamscapes. It annoys me.

I only found a few decent photographs by a female social documentary photographer who touched the subjects that I've taken an interest in. Maybe that's a good thing.

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I want to capture something real. Something that quenches my thirst for authenticity. Big words for something that is just a simple personal emotion, that if you are lucky, is shared by others as well.

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I crave to see another kind of life on the streets. To expose my eyes and soul to something new, to feel... alive. There is a magical feeling when you as a photographer, enters the "zone." When you find yourself looking through the viewfinder and everything just feels right. You see everything and you somehow become a part of what you photograph. Everything else disappear, you are right there, right then. A part of a fleeting moment that never can be re-created again.

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The 'Financial Times' Said What...?!

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Brazilian artist Lygia Clark (1920-1988)



LAST WEEK THE Museum of Modern Art opened the much anticipated retrospective Lygia Clark: The Abandonment of Art, 1948-1988 and it is a tour-de-force.

Organized by two gifted curators Luis Pérez-Oramas -- who curated the 2012 São Paulo Biennale, a magical and moving meditation on the poetic -- and Connie Butler -- who helmed the groundbreaking WACK! Feminist Art Show at P.S.1 in 2007-08 -- the Lygia Clark show comprises more than 300 works gathered from across the planet. The exhibition is poised to inform and transform the way the world thinks about this visionary artist. Amply installed on MoMA's spacious sixth floor, the show opens with Clark's early, finely crafted geometric abstract paintings, and then smoothly leads to her three-dimensional sculpture works, and closes with an installation of soft sculptures, costumes, and performance videos.

Through her visionary work -- as expansive, subtle, and powerful as Rauschenberg's -- Lygia Clark has inspired generations of artists and informed in-the-know audiences throughout her home country of Brazil. And as always, it's long overdue that general audiences in the United States get the opportunity to learn about this legend's elegant works and generous vision.



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Lygia Clark: Planos em Superficie Modulada, collage of card, 1957 (left); and Bicho (máquina), anodized aluminum, 1962



But strangely, some MoMA visitors just don't get it. I was dumfounded to read Ariella Budick's comically misguided Financial Times review of the Lygia Clark show. Calling MoMA's show... "a curiously hermetic affair, following the interior progress of an artist who is practically unknown in the U.S...," Budick exhibits the worst sort of smug provincialism. Where has she been? What -- never travelled? Such a tragic lack of curiosity. Dismissal of the unknown is not what one hopes to find in an art writer, and certainly not in a New Yorker! Relying on little more than a cascade of easy missile bursts --"primly modernist," "messily hippy," "brutally dated" -- Budick goes on to express her constrictive notion of how artists must respond in a time of political crisis (as Brazil found itself in those early days of dictatorship), by stating that "an alternative story remains untold: Clark's native country went through spasms of cultural and political turmoil during her career, but for curators Luis Pérez-Oramas and Connie Butler she might as well be a lone visionary on a deserted planet." Budick says that Clark "lacked wry humour." To which one only needs to look at the "See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil" Lygia Clark self-portrait (above) to know something of the wit and wisdom that the artist showed the world and her critics.

Don't miss this finely crafted show by a monumental figure in art.



Lygia Clark: Diálogo de Óculos/Dialogue Goggles, 1968


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Lygia Clark: The Abandonment of Art, 1948-1988
Now through August 24, 2014
Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)
11 West 53rd St, New York, NY 10019
Hours: Sunday-Saturday, 10:30am-5:30pm (Fridays until 8:00pm)
Info: www.moma.org

Organized by Luis Pérez-Oramas, The Estrellita Brodsky Curator of Latin American Art, MoMA; and Connie Butler, Chief Curator, Hammer Museum; with Geaninne Gutiérrez-Guimarães, Curatorial Assistant, and Beatriz Rabelo Olivetti, Curatorial Assistant, Department of Drawings and Prints, MoMA.

Degenerate Art: The Attack on Modern Art in Nazi Germany, 1937

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Artists are often dismissed as peripheral to society. Yet they continue on their way, attending to the path of their own visions. Often ahead of the curve, politically and culturally, they frequently function as commentators -- viewing society from the outside. In certain instances, they become players in historical events larger than themselves.

Renée Price, Director of the Neue Galerie New York, wrote the following letter for the Degenerate Art exhibit brochure:

In mounting this exhibition, the Neue Galerie aspires to shed new light on a very dark period of German history. Examining the place where politics and culture intersected in spectacular, brutal, and extreme fashion, we are led to commit again to the values we believe must be defended. Our sincere hope is that, by uncovering the full history of the Nazi attack on modern art, we will help point the way to a future in which such an assault will not be tolerated.


The show operates on several different levels. In 21st century terminology, it is a mashup of history, psychology and art. It was organized by Dr. Olaf Peters, a German art historian and scholar. In addition to paintings, sculptures and works on paper, there are posters, photographs, items of documentation and video. There is footage of the original "Entartete Kunst" (Degenerate Art) show, taken by American cameraman Julien Bryan. Examples of works from various modern art movements are included: Expressionism, Surrealism, Dada, Cubism and the Bauhaus. The installation has been conceived with the utmost detail -- setting a tone that will immerse visitors in the zeitgeist of Nazi Germany.

A continuous video loop shows a segment from the film The Eternal or Wandering Jew (Der ewige Jude), directed by Fritz Hippler in 1940. A propagandistic diatribe promoted as a documentary, it depicted Jews as rats polluting the German nation. It linked the themes of Jewish cultural infiltration of Germany society to the negative impacts of African influences on art, and to American blacks on music -- such as jazz.

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Lasar Segall
Eternal Wanderers, 1919
Lasar Segall Museum, IBRAM/Ministry of Culture
Photo: Jorge Bastos


When descending a staircase, a light-boxed photograph from 1938 resides in a recessed window, documenting Hitler and top Nazi officials scrutinizing "confiscated art." On the subsequent downward landing is another photograph similarly displayed. It records Jewish people trying to emigrate from Vienna that same year.

Upon entering the exhibit, a timeline traces the course of German history from July 1932, when the Nazi Party won the greatest number of representatives in the Parliament, to September 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. Interspersed are notations of the dates when specific artists resigned from prominent positions, were dismissed or self-exiled.

In a narrow hallway, a large photomural of Jewish people arriving in Auschwitz-Birkenau in 1944 is mounted. Opposite are five large, bold posters -- with the predominating colors of red, black and tan. The 1933 Stormtroopers/Brownshirts by Sepp Semar is chilling.

Using the metaphor of color to reflect the darkness of events, a room painted charcoal grey has a photographic backdrop of the 1933 book burnings in Berlin. The title sets the tone: "Collaborators and Combattants: German Artists Under the Reich." It was shocking for me to learn that Emil Nolde, originally a Danish citizen and the creator of the powerful woodcut The Prophet, had joined a Nazi "splinter" group in 1934. He was also the author of numerous anti-Semitic tracts. Despite his allegiances, his works met with Hitler's disfavor and were purged from museums, several ending up in the Degenerate Art exhibit.

The spotlight of the large room entitled, "German Versus 'Degenerate Art,'" is the juxtaposition of Adolf Ziegler's triptych The Four Elements: Fire, Earth and Water, Air (1937) with Max Beckmann's Departure (1933-1935). Ziegler gladly took on the plum assignment of putting together the Degenerate Art show for the Nazis. The Four Elements, owned by Hitler and shown at the 1937 "Great German Art Exhibition," is a pastiche of academic classicism and Aryan idealization.

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Adolf Ziegler
The Four Elements:
Fire (left wing), Earth and Water (center panel), Air (right wing), 1937
Pinakothek der Moderne, Bayerische Staatsgemaeldesammlungen, Munich
Photo: bpk, Berlin/Art Resource, NY


Departure uses allegory as well, but not the soothing contours of human figuration as romanticized perfection. Rather, it enumerates torture, sadism, dismemberment, brutality, and captivity -- all precursors of the state sanctioned activities to come. In the panel on the right, a musician beats a drum, unperturbed by the violent action taking place on the stage above him. The panel on the left has trussed and gagged figures, one with bloody stumps where arms had been. Only in the center scene is there some hope for equanimity, as a crowned man, a woman, and a child are all ferried by a masked oarsman -- potentially to a better place somewhere on the cloudless blue horizon. (Beckmann took refuge in Amsterdam in 1937.)

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Max Beckmann
Departure, Frankfurt 1932, Berlin 1933-35
The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Given anonymously (by exchange)
Digital Image © 2014 The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA/ Art Resource, NY
© 2014 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn


The works in the section "Dresden and the Development of Modernism" deal with the movement of Die Brücke (The Bridge). Founded in this city by Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Fritz Bleyl and Erich Heckel, it was where it would later be the most vehemently attacked. Kirchner, who had suffered a nervous breakdown during his service in World War I, could not cope with the ostracization of his work by the Nazis. In June of 1938, he committed suicide.

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Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
A Group of Artists (The Painters of the Brücke), 1925-26
Museum Ludwig, Cologne
Photo: © Rheinisches Bildarchiv Cologne


The Exhibition of Shame, a precursor to the Degenerate Art show, was independently organized in 1933. Artists whose work had been overlooked, while those experimenting on the cutting edge had been favored, savored a measure of payback.

In the final room, empty frames are accompanied by labels of paintings that have been destroyed or lost. On the wall is the statement, "Art policy became an integral component of National Socialism's war on everything supposedly 'un-German.'" Loaned from the Victoria and Albert Museum in London is Volume 1 (A-G) of the "Entartete Kunst," a typed record of the inventory of works confiscated by the Nazis from German public institutions. With utmost precision, it documents location, institution, artist, and the "fate of each work." An "X" indicates destruction.

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Photograph of the two volumes
© Victoria and Albert Museum, London


Within this setting, George Grosz, well-known for his depictions of military corruption and the excesses of the Weimar Republic in his drawings and prints, is represented by three oil portraits. Portrait of the Writer Max Hermann-Neisse (1925) was removed from a German museum. Ironically, it was purchased by the same museum after the war. Otto Dix, who also painted scathing anti-war narratives, had his War Cripples (1920) plucked for the Degenerate Art show. Subsequently destroyed, it is represented by a black and white reproduction.

Although he was not a part of the Degenerate Art show, Felix Nussbaum (the subject of an extensive exhibition, Art and Exile, at The Jewish Museum in 1985) is represented. His painting, The Damned (1943/5 January 1944) gives his interpretation of life under the Nazis as both artist and hunted Jew. It depicts a scene with Nussbaum in the foreground, recognizable from a similar pose in his well-known Self Portrait with Jewish Identity Card. Others surround him in various emotional states, displaying a continuum of responses to their situation -- fear, horror, despair and resignation. High brick walls confine them; a street with tattered flags leads nowhere. Skeletal pallbearers escort a procession of empty coffins. Nussbaum, his wife, and extended family were murdered in the death camps.

The attack against Degenerate Art struck free thought and artistic expression at its core. It went far beyond the defamation of artists and their work. It was state-sanctioned Orwellian groupthink that was intrinsic to building the mentality that would create fertile ground for marginalizing "the other," -- whether they were Jewish, Gypsies, the mentally ill, the gay community or political dissidents.

The 20,000 works of confiscated art, along with the 5,000 pieces that were destroyed, were both a precursor and a sideshow to the actual extermination and nightmare that was to follow.

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Oskar Kokoschka
Poster with Self-Portrait for Der Sturm magazine, 1910
© Neue Galerie New York. Gift of Leonard A. Lauder
© 2014 Fondation Oskar Kokoschka/Artists Rights Society (ARS),
New York/ ProLitteris, Zürich



Neue Galerie
Extended through September 1
1048 Fifth Ave
New York, NY

Stage Door: The Lovesong of Alfred J. Hitchcock

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The British director known for his mastery of suspense and twist endings was himself riddled with anxiety and self-loathing. Heralded for his film achievements such as Vertigo, Rear Window, Shadow of a Doubt and Strangers on a Train, director Alfred Hitchcock mined his own demons for his cinematic singularity.

A genius at visual literacy, the Hitchcock we meet in The Lovesong of Alfred J. Hitchcock, now at 59E59 Theaters, is tormented by dark fantasies and plagued by obesity. It may be overly reductive to assign cause and effect in life to art, though artistic obsessions do draw, sometimes significantly, on personal experiences.

Here, Hitchcock's obsession with sex and death, his own violent desires, his captivation by icy blondes, are used as a backdrop to explain the inspiration for Marnie, Vertigo and Psycho. The twinning relies on loosely connected stream-of-conscious narration and often-fragmented monologues.

Yet it is effective in capturing the larger ethos of Hitchcock as a tortured auteur.

As Hitchcock tells his screenwriter (Tom McHugh): "Sex scenes on screen, they're immoral. Why? Because they don't work. If they're faked, they're false; if they're real, they're not art."

But his films, or what wife Alma terms his "crazy inner life," are about crafting murders, often of women: Marion Crane (Psycho), Madeleine Elster (Vertigo), not to mention the victims of Frenzy. His impotence is contrasted with his violent impulses; ironically, misery begets movie gold.

Lovesong was originally a radio play broadcast in Britain in 1993. David Rudkin adapted his script for the stage -- and while there aren't many surprises or much drama -- it does take audiences from Hitchcock's childhood, through his schooling by Jesuits, to his Hollywood success.

Martin Miller is spot-on as Hitchcock. So is Roberta Kerr's dual roles as Alma Hitchcock, his wife and longtime collaborator, and Emma Hitchcock, his dominating mother. Alma Reville, a film editor and assistant director in her own right, met her husband at Famous Players-Lasky. She adapted The Secret Agent and The Lady Vanishes, among others, and had a razor-sharp eye for detail. All her husband's films had to pass her scrutiny, yet she kept a low public profile throughout their 50-year collaboration.

Hitchcock fans will appreciate the cinema references and the attempt to analyze the great man's inner turmoil in pursuit of quality entertainment. Director Jack McNamara has framed his bio-play with engaging simplicity, smartly capturing his subject -- and his famed creations. This is a contemplative work that can double as autobiography, since all admissions, however alarming, come from Hitchcock. "I can't live," says the Master of Suspense, "I can only imagine."

Photo: Carol Rosegg

Cooking Art History: Dining With Matisse

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I'm beyond thrilled to head to my home state of Texas in July to teach a series of classes, Dining with Matisse, inspired by the special exhibition, Matisse: Life in Color, at the San Antonio Museum of Art. French food, art and culture are on my mind.

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Matisse lived during France's Belle Époque. Café culture was at its height, and cafés were where artists came together to exchange stories, discuss ground breaking artistic styles, and eat good food. This good food has a history.

It is said that table manners in Europe changed during the Renaissance when Catherine de Medici married Henry II and moved to France with her cooks. Her chefs de cuisine brought with them innovative recipes, fine tablecloths and introduced silverware, most notably, the fork. Until well into the 16th century, French cooking still had the strong flavors of Medieval Europe but by the 17th century, the French palate had grown more sophisticated and food a more integral part of court festivities.

By the reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715), chefs were revered; their recipes guarded like crown jewels. Great chefs wrote treatises on the arts of carving and serving and the complexities of gastronomic etiquette. It was during his reign that classic French haute cuisine was born. Chef François La Varenne was the first to put these innovations in writing in his 1651 cookbook Le Cuisinier françois (The French Cook). At the end of the century François Maissialot introduced his famous Cuisinier royal et bourgeois (The Court and Country Cook), with folding pages devoted to table settings. Culinary opulence among the court and the bourgeoisie made Paris, a city of great cultural achievement and creativity, the country's gastronomic capital.

Under the reign of Louis XV (1723-1774) French cookbooks became grand productions; the most spectacular of these being Vincent La Chapelle's Cuisinier moderne (The Modern Cook) of 1742. La Chapelle's book announced the birth of nouvelle cuisine, a new style of cooking that emphasized simplicity and the use of fresh, seasonal ingredients. This style would be adopted by several generations of French chefs. Ironically, the use of simple ingredients went hand in hand with luxury ware and theatricality in the dining room. But changes were on the horizon.

The Revolution of 1789 began to level the political and socioeconomic playing field. It was also a great culinary equalizer. The fall of the royal regime created a more egalitarian cuisine, restaurants dotted the Parisian landscape. Café culture flourished. Pleasures of the table were united with those of the mind and gastronomic literature continued to flourish. Authors and chefs Antonin Câreme and Brillat-Savarin -- whose 1825 work Physiologie du goût (The Physiology of Taste) is still published today -- became household names and authorities on the art of dining. This was Matisse's France.

I can't wait to weave art and culinary history at the San Antonio Museum of Art. Bon appétit!


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Simple Green Salad with French Vinaigrette

My favorite vinaigrette is adapted from Amanda Hesser's classic recipe. It's very French in its elegance and simplicity, and it's great on absolutely everything.

2 heads butter lettuce, chopped
1 anchovy
1 garlic clove
salt and pepper
juice of one lemon
1 teaspoon Dijon mustard
¼ cup olive oil

1. Wash and dry the greens and place in a salad bowl.
2. In a mortar and pestle, mash the anchovy, garlic and a pinch of salt to form a paste. Squeeze in the lemon juice and stir to break up the anchovy paste. Beat in the mustard. Slowly whisk in the olive oil and season to taste with pepper and, if needed, a little more salt the pepper.
3. Toss the greens with the vinaigrette just before serving.

Serves 6

image: Purple Robe and Anemones, 1937. Henri Matisse, French, 1869-1954. Oil on canvas. The Baltimore Museum of Art.

Reproduction, including downloading of Henri Matisse works is prohibited by copyright laws and international conventions without the express written permission of ARS.

Image courtesy of San Antonio Museum of Art © 2014 Succession H. Matisse / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York
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